The Performance Of The Sime Darby Berhad Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2086 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The company which will be discussed here is The Sime Darby Berhad, the world largest listed plantation company based in Malaysia.Sime Darby is a government link company whereby its majority shareholder are the Permodalan Nasional Berhad,the state investment arm. It businesses consists of plantation,property,industrial,motors,energy utilities and healthcare. The world leading conglomerate has just celebrated its 100th anniversary when it has become center of controversy due to losses of RM 2.1 billion in may last year. The market was in shock when this news where announced since Sime Darby is a giant mutinational conglomerate involved in five core sectors with a total turnover of RM 33 billion. The company has removed Ahmad Zubir Murshid as the CEO after cost over runs in four projects including the Bakun hydroelctric dam project, the Qatar Petroluem project(QP project),the Maersk Oil Qatar(MOQ) project and the Marine Project. Sime Darby is a government linked comp any whereby its majority shareholder are the Permodalan Nasional Berhad which is the state investment arm group. Sime Darby may need to book RM 964 million in losses due to this projects. Sime Darby was two years behind schedule for this projects and will have to reverse its revenue of RM 200 million booked in its 2009 financial year. A losses of RM 526 million is expected to due to the cost over runs at Maersk Qatar Oil project. An another Qatar project may also results in RM 155 Million losses which construct some vessels. The first project that incurred losses are the Bakun hydroelectric project. Bakun hydroelectric dam project is located on Balui River,Sarawak,Malaysia was delayed since the approval of the project in 1992. Once built, the bakun dam would be the largest dam in asia outside China. The dam is expected to generate 2400 megawatt electricity to Peninsular Malaysia. The electricity will be supplied via submarine cables across the South China sea to Peninsular Mal aysia. The Bakun hydroelectric dam project is being built by Malaysia China Hydro Sv consortium led by Sime Engineering Berhad,a subsidary of Sime Darby. It is reported that the Bakun Dam project has incurred about RM 1.7 billion in cost over run of which the government of Malaysia has agreed to reimburse around RM 700 million, leaving Sime Darby with with 964 million losses for the second half of the financial year. Sime Darby has incurred the cost over runs from carrying out civil works for the project. In an research report by an investment bank, it remained negative on this project since Sime Darby did not disclose the cost over runs in the past financial report. It has been indicated that the cost to Sime Darby could arise from RM 1.8 billion to RM 3.2 billion due to future claims by the mechanical and engineering contractors. It has added that Sarawak Hydro, the owner of the project could claim up to 20 percent of the original cost from Sime Darby due to late delivery. The maximum amount for late delivery will be around RM 360 million for Sime Darby. In total it is been estimated that the losses from the project could arise an additional RM 1 billion but the losses could be reduced if the additional RM700 million claims from the government for the losses is approved and all other claim were dropped. The handover could be delayed until june next year. The Quantum of losses for Sime Darby largely depends on government wilingness to reimburse the additional cost uncovered by the group and waivement of all the late delivery charges. There is an indication that Sime Darby is only wiling to absorb 15 percent of the total overuns which is around RM 300 million. But since the new cost over runs are due to poor management of the project, the government will unlikely to absorb all the cost over runs. Sentiment in stocks and shareholder could diminish as investor are remained corcerned over the issue. The next big project that has caused losses are the Sim e Darby oil and gas project in Qatar. The Qatar Project was awarded in August 2008. Loss exceedes RM 500 Million because of the project delays and cost over runs. The sector was a very unknown venture, where by the group core business are plantation and real estate. There is a very high risk of failure from beginning of the project. To make things worse, the Sime Darby has failed to explain the situation to the board and shareholders. In the suit against the former directors it was stated that despite no prior experience to undertake a project at such scale, the Sime Engineering unit has extended its operation to Qatar witthout any knowledge with marine transport and instalation,subsea pipe laying work, labour rates and yard facilities in Qatar. At the time, Sime Enginering top executive post were helmed by former managing director Datuk Mohamed Shukri Baharom, Head of oil and gas Abdul Khadir Alias,Chief financial officer Abdul Rahim and General Manager Zaki Othman are all direc tly reports to the Ceo,Ahmad Zubir. Sime has decided to bid for the engineering,instalation,construction and commisioning contract to be commisioned by Qatar Petroleum for its Bulhanie project which is also known as MOQ project which among other includes modification to 34 existing platform,17subsea lines between existing and new plarforms. This was Sime Darby first major engineering contract as a main contractor outside malaysia. Sime went ahead despite no marine capabilities to carry out transporting,instalation and pipe laying work and appointed Iran Offshore Engineering.Despite Qatar rejection,Sime Darby carried away the project with targeted completion on August 2008.There were many delays due to Sime Darby inability and incompetence to finish the project.Sime Darby has also failed to record Qatar Petroleum alleged promise to compensate Sime Darby in event of delay.Delays were not informed to the board directors by and instead they falsified and reduced actual cost over runs such that damage recorded in the book were recognised later than it should be. Costing Rm 102 Million, the unit has appointed seven consultant to put the project back on track and add value. But these consultant instead has offered service renderd illegal in Malaysia,acts which could damaged Sime Darby reputation.Sime Darby has taken the marine project to transform itself into major marine vessel player in the oil and gas industry but it went wrong since the wrong shipbuilder were picked.The marine project is the extension of MOQ project concerning construction of two tugboats and a barge in the MOQ project.Losses of about Rm 155 Million being reported since the barge has not been delivered.The strategy was to build a derick lay barge,a pipe laying ship and an anchor handling towing supply,a tug boat that could supply to offshore oil rigs. Failing to carry out due deligence,the former CEO and ex wise president Datuk Mohd Shukri has been sued by Sime Darby.They have also ignor ed findings of accountancy firm KPMG on the deals with MLC shipping group and Puteri offshore limited.Sime Darby in a statement said that Datuk Mohd Shukri proposed for ship building contract with MLC for the consruction and sale of four units of anchor handling towing supply at cost of $ 92 Million.He have also proposed another deal with MLC to the board for construction of derick for cost of USD 95 million. Sime Darby in the same statement have said that eventhough Datuk Mohamed Shukri has attended the risk management committee meeting and presented the paper and proposal to the board of directors, He did not disclose the deals with MLC and puteri offshore to the board. All these conflicts has tarnished the Sime Darby group reputation. To overcome this situation Sime Darby has taken some action including filing a civil suit against former CEO,Managing Director, Head of Oil and Gas,Chief Financial Officer and the General Manager for wrongful payment to consultants in Qatar Petro leum priject,wrongfully waiving Performance Bond in MOQ proec,wrongfull payment of consultancy fees in MOQ project,failure to deliver 3 vessels in Marine Project,wrongfull payment to Sinohydro and wrongfull payment to Northwest Investigation Design Research Institute. The total suit filed is around RM 500 million. Sime Daby has established a Board Work Group in October 2009 to review its four projects in Qatar including Qatar Petroleum Project, MOQ project, Marine Project and Bakun Project. To improve efficency of management and internal controls, Board Work Group has pursued some aggressive actions including sacking of the group CEO. In order to make sure the conflict do not arise, Sime Darby should implement corporate governance in its conglomerate since from the conflict it shows that Sime Darby has poor corporate governance in its organisastion. Performance and accountability to shareholer and stakeholder is good governance main emphasis. This includes performance of the board in acquiring different talents among directors and communication with senior management to ensure decisions are made in best interest of company and its shareholder. Necessary skills and competence are important for Sime Darby directors to understand their role comprehensively. Ineffective board, weak internal controls and poor risk management, lack of adequate disclosures, poor audits and unreliable financial reporting are poor corporate governance. This poor corporate governance is heavily effecting the minority shareholder since Sime Darby is a listed companies with concerntrated shareholder who will exercise greater influence over corporate affairs such as nominating the board and making an agreement with third party. Sime Darby should provide accurate and timely information to enable shareholder to review the performance of the company and directors.To address issues of risk and setting direction,Sime Darby should provide information about future looking and indepth aspects of business,governance and system.This will enable shareholders to respond accurately on basis of the information.To improve timelines,Sime Darby should publish its annual report and account in its websire within a specified period.Managerial compensation should be in line with the performance of the management to overcome problems due to lack of mutual interest between shareholders and management.Exessive payment that are being paid to directors should be regulated and should be wholly determined by firm performance. The Malaysian code on corporate governance had adapted the principles that directors remuneration packages should be suitable enough to attract and retain people whom have the capacity needed to succesfully manage the company and package should be tied to corporate and individual performance. Linking directors packages to corporate performance is vital to the shareholders since it is based on their individual and corporate performance.A company board of directors functions as the highest internal corporate governance.In order for the board of directors to be effective,independence is an important value to be implemented.Financial fraud are less likehood with board independence to solve agency problems inherent in managing any organisation,board of directors play vital role of internal governance.The board will asses and monitor vital decisions and has the power to fire,hire and compensate the top level decision managers.This is why they are an important mechanism for evaluate the performance of management and protecting shareholders interest. To establish best practice,the entire board of Sime Darby directors should have taken lead role in good corporate governance.Larger number of Non Executive Directors is argued by agency theory with regard to independence of board of directors.This is due to that non executive director could establish role in monitoring and control actions of executive directors.This means non executive d irector is considered as check and balance in enhancing Sime Darby board effectiveness.The expertise and knowledge of non executive director could make the company more transparent.With such hugh responsibilities,they should avoid becoming rubber stamp to the management.Studies shows that voluntary disclosure is greater when associated with board independence. The audit comitee is comitee of the board.In order to function smoothly,independent of audit comitee is vital as it allows both the internal and external auditors to remain free of undue influences and inteference from the management.This is important in order to perform its financial reporting oversight more effectively.Audit comitee needs competant and experienced directors particularly in financial aspect to monitor financial reporting in an organisation.Better earning is associated with audit comitee in an empirical evidence.Incidents of accounting errors,irregulaties and illegal acts are fewer with audit comitee indepe ndence.Overstatement of profit by Sime Darby could be hindered with an independent audit comitee. In conclusion, good corporate governance is essential for a large listed companies such as Sime Darby to continue performing in near future. Don’t waste time! 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Argumentative Essay On Peer Pressure - 1532 Words

Peer Pressure: An Epidemic We all have been young adolescents before and experienced all the things junior high and high school has to offer. Being a teenager is something everyone has or will experience in our life times. Teenagers go through a crucial time in their lives where they really figure out who they are and how to make more adult decisions. Peer pressure has always been a regular part of teenage life. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry states â€Å"Peers play a large role in the social and emotional development of children and adolescents. Their influence begins at an early age and increases through the teenage years. It is natural, healthy and important for children to have and rely on friends as they grow and†¦show more content†¦Statistics prove that 30% of teenagers have shoplifted at least once due to peer pressure. Over half of teenagers will experiment with alcohol. About 40% of teenagers have tried drugs, states Jeanie Lerche Davis author of Teenagers: Why Do They Rebel. The fact there is a new found freedom gives these adolescents opportunities to get pushed into doing the wrong thing. It begins with one person who is more rebellious than others to create the domino effect. When a child is a toddler, they are impressionable, they follow the lead of the adults in their lives. If they hear their parents say a curse word they will repeat it. Teenagers are impressionable in a very similar way and they’re stuck in the middle of learning who they are and who they want to be. If one friend shoplifts, they can easily get pressured into it, the same goes for alcohol and drugs. These things become cool, and when youre a teenager thats all that matters. In reality though doing these â€Å"cool† things are actually incredibly harmful, leading these teenagers down a wrong path. There are 3 different types of peer pressure, the first one is direct. 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Development in Accounting & Thought-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Two Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics of accounting highlighted within the Conceptual Framework are relevance (QC6-10) and faithful representation (QC12-16). Which of these two characteristics do you think is more Important. 2.Briefly describe each of the Normative alternatives to Historical cost. Answers: 1.The conceptual framework helps in determining the concepts and the purpose of financial reporting. It helps the board in the preparation of accounting policies and concepts which are required to be followed consistently. The aim of general purpose financial statements is to highlight information with respect to the companys performance, its cash flow, and its financial position. These principles are in line with the theme of the conceptual framework. They provide assistance by means of policies and concepts which help in the preparation of financial statements. The objective of financial reporting provides the required information to its users so that they can make decisions based on it. The purpose of users is also linked to it. They want to ensure transparency from the end of the companies through their financial information (IFRS, 2017). Consistency, reliability, comparability, and relevance are the qualitative characteristics of accounting. These are the actual expectation of the intended users from the companies preparing financial statements. The objectives of measurement in accounting are to show a true and accurate picture of the companys financial position. Both, the qualitative characteristics and the objectives are connected to each other because their basic aim is transparency (IFRS, 2017). The role of relevance is to make the material relevant which can assist in decision making. It is the interconnection which connects the past data with the future predictions. Faithful representation affirms the business activities as genuine. It speaks for its accuracy with respect to the companys financial position. Faithful representation stands for more level of importance. This is because it is not enough if the information is just relevant. It should vouch for its completeness, neutrality, and error- free course of nature (Bragg, Relevance definition, 2013). Relevance is crucial but faithful representation is an obligation. For example, if a business concern is having debtors of $21,542, it can be cross verified with the help of future forecast and past data. But, if the company fails to fairly represent it in its financial statements, the ultimate aim of the conceptual framework will fail. This is the importance of fair representation which requires the reflection of accuracy. Currently, the companies are failing in fairly representing their financial aspects to its users. Apart from the need for accuracy, it is required to follow the accounting policy with relevant disclosures. The area of faithful representation is quite broad in nature as compared to relevance (Bragg, Faithful Representation, 2014). If a company follows relevance but fails to comply in faithful representation, it fails to achieve the objectives of the general purpose financial statement. Even IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements affirms for the concept of fair representation. The aim of the faithful presentation is in line with the purpose of an accounting standard. It asks for accurate information and true disclosures. It is important that the information should be just and fair with proper disclosures and free from error. The same is the basic need of any accounting standard (Charterededucation, 2017). In this era, the need for disclosures has increased. It is due to this information, major decisions are being made by its intended users. Today, the stakeholders are not just interested in the financial information, they do look for non-financial information as well. This is why our accounting standards are being regularly updated as per the needs of the business environment. The importance of faithful representation has increased to such an extent that even the controllers of financial statements disqualify such information in its absence. In our diversified business environment, which is growing and developing, it can be said that faithful representation is now a necessity and not just a part of the conceptual framework (Bragg, Faithful Representation, 2014). Right from the stakeholders to the board and the due compliance of government, all of them expect faithful representation from a companys financial statements. In todays scenario, if the information shared by the companies are not complying faithful representation, such will have a severe question on its survival. Because todays world expect transparency and if the companies are unable to provide that, it will not exist in the long run. So, it is quite crucial, to keep the stakeholders and other connected persons in confidence to survive in the long run (Bragg, Faithful Representation, 2014). It is quite possible for the accounting to achieve faithful representation because the conceptual framework along with the accounting policies and standards supports it. It is still difficult because some fraudulent companies still exist who bypass such framework. But to have a reputed brand image, it is now a necessity to reflect faithful representation in financial information. For this, better compliance rules and procedures are being formulated so that its base becomes stronger (IAS, 2017). 2.A normative theory defines the way of the accounting process. It evaluates various kinds of approaches in order to frame one form of accounting opinion. Historical Cost Accounting (HCA) aims to analyze income on the basis of value and not the cost component. It had its own set of benefits and limitations. Data which used to follow this type of accounting was error free and properly verified. It was the only recognized accounting system which was widely accepted for the purpose of taxation. Its limitations are it works on the principle of the firm monetary unit which ignores the concept of inflation. It also fails to match the current revenue with the same level of cost (Nandwani, 2017). Current Purchasing Power (CPP): This normative alternative to HCA has its pillar on a price index. The utility of such price index is to adjust the prevalent purchasing power. As far as the assets are concerned, CPI (Current Price Index) is considered. For example, if the valuation of an asset is required, a particular price index can be adopted and then CPI is used for the purpose of required adjustments. These consider and have its impact only on the financial items and fails to consider the non-financial items. The same gets reflected in the financial information (Accounting-Management, 2017). Current Cost Accounting (CCA): This form of accounting believes in the replacement cost when it comes to non-financial matters. The end result is that it redefines the value of an asset. The issue is it does not consider the impact of inflation in it while analyzing the profit. For example, a furniture cost $300,000 with a life of ten years and no salvage value and depreciated $30000 every year by straight line method. Now, if its replacement cost is $ 320,000, its depreciation per year will be $ 32000. Thus, this $ 2000 (32000-30000), will be deducted in order to arrive at CCA (AccountingManagement, 2017). Continuously Contemporary Accounting (CoCoA): This principle works on the basis of the current cash price. For example, if any asset has been sold for $ 1300 but its net realizable value is $ 1500, as per this principle of accounting, it will be measured at $ 1500. This method fails to differentiate between the unrealized and realized profits. It adjust the figures of financial information on the basis of general purchasing power (Chambers, 1967). As far as the current purchasing power is concerned, the pillars of accounting cannot work on the basis of the single price index. This is because a single price index cannot justify a true value of all kinds of asset. It cannot compensate its true value in a real way. Plus, it also costly and takes a lot of time. The replacement cost method of current cost accounting fails to highlight the actual selling price of an asset. What it reflects is its buying price which is different in nature. The concept fails to complement the specialized assets. This, in turn, leads to a costly mechanism which requires efforts of extreme nature in order to find out the actual replacement cost (Nandwani, 2017). Continuously Contemporary Accounting (CoCoA) succeeds on the basis of subjectivism but fails to comprehend the practical nature. The problem arises in the valuation of assets because the market price is not available for the specialized ones. The value in use is nowhere recognized in this principle and even does not recognize goodwill on its actual price under the impression that it cannot be sold in an individual form (Chambers, 1967). When it comes to analyzing which one of them was successful, the answer is quite twisted. The purpose of being successful is associated with the compliance of transparency, neutrality, error free, consistency and going concern. As per the current position, the historical cost of accounting is not used much because of the development in the modern concepts. As and when, the principles of accounting has evolved, from time to time, such method has been employed and was successful (Nandwani, 2017). It was Current Purchasing Power which was successful in the absence of Continuously Contemporary Accounting and current cost accounting. In the same manner, current cost accounting and Continuously Contemporary Accounting had their own time period of being successful. Due to its failure in recognizing the importance of neutrality, transparency and other relevant parameters, historical method is not much in use. Thus, the fair value of accounting is being followed at todays time. It measures the actual time with the real value of money. It is the pillar of todays and tomorrows form of our accounting (IASplus, 2017). References AccountingManagement. (2017). Meaning and Characteristic of Current Cost Accounting. Retrieved from Accoutning-Management: https://accountlearning.blogspot.in/2011/06/meaning-features-and-objectives-of.html Accounting-Management. (2017). Meaning and Characteristics of Current Purchasing Power. Retrieved from Accounting-Management: https://accountlearning.blogspot.in/2011/06/meaning-and-characteristics-of-current.html Bragg, S. (2013, March 12). Relevance definition. Retrieved from Accounting Tools: https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/what-is-relevance-in-accounting.html Bragg, S. (2014, September 22). Faithful Representation. Retrieved from Accounting Tools: https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/what-is-faithful-representation.html Chambers, R. (1967). Continously Contemporary Accounting. The Accounting Review, 42(4), 751-757. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/244170 Charterededucation. (2017). Accounting Policies - Fair Representation and Faithful Representation. Retrieved from Chartered Education: https://www.charterededucation.com/ifrs/accounting-policies-fair-presentation-and-faithful-representation-for-ifrs/ IAS. (2017). IAS1 - Presentation of Financial Statements. Retrieved from Ias Plus: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias1 IASplus. (2017). Conceptual Framework of Reporting. Retrieved from IAS Plus: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/other/framework IFRS. (2017, August 27). Conceptual Framework. Retrieved from IFRS: https://www.ifrs.org/projects/work-plan/conceptual-framework/#about Nandwani, M. (2017). HCA - meaning, benefits and limitations. Retrieved from Accounting Notes: https://www.accountingnotes.net/historical-cost-accounting/historical-cost-accounting-hca-meaning-benefits-and-limitations/5454

The Problem Of Knowing Essays - Fiction, Rhetorical Techniques, With

The Problem Of Knowing Consider the meaning of ambiguousness: for something to have two contradictory meanings, with emphasis on the unknown. In, My Kinsman, Major Molineux, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses ambiguity, as well as other writing tools, to tell a pre-Revolutionary war story about a young mans journey from childhood innocence into the adult world of evils and reality. Hawthorne utilizes the power of setting, symbolism, and conflict, to name a few, to help portray the problem of knowing that is ever present through out the stories entirety. Foremost it is important to know the main character of the story: young Robin is on a journey from the country into town to find his kinsman, the Major Molineux. Robins character is round in that it is complex and dynamic. He changes from the innocent youth he is in the beginning to an adult educated in the ways of evil and harshness. On the other hand, Major Molineuxs character, which you never meet until the end of the story is flat: static and yet vital to the story: helping the reader see Robins character more clearly. The other characters in the story are significant, but also flat; you never see too much about any of them, further enhancing the ambiguousness of the work. It is the mystery of these flat characters, such as the waiter at the tavern or the woman with the red skirt, which keeps you questioning what exactly is going on. Robins character is discovered in many ways through the conflicts with each situation he finds himself in through out his journey. Each conflict is carried through a sequence of events that leads to the climax and creates the characters. Robins conflict starts with the elder authority figure that he meets on the street, the conflict between the two characters sparks the conflict that Robin eventually finds within himself. He continues to meet different towns people, asking each for his kinsman, but always creating more and more conflict within himself. Each meeting reveals some small clue about the major, but in parallel creates more questions and ambiguity leading to the climax. It was no mistake that the story of Robins search for Major Molineux was told in the limited-third person narrative. This particular point of view significantly attributes to the problem of knowing; it allows some light to be shed on the questionable sequence of events, but at the same time restricts what is revealed to lead once again to more questions. It is important, though, to not forget the vital role of Hawthornes choice of setting for this work. Adding to the ambiguousness of the story is the dark, evening setting that the story takes place in; darkness represents the unknown and the light represents the truth. Robin starts his journey with a walk through the woods; woods generally symbolize the unknown as well, but in this story they are not the evil unknown, but in fact only the beginning of what is to come. The setting of the town is important to note: from the dark quietness of the streets to the dark smokiness of the tavern, no light is ever shown brightly enough to give the truth away. Perhaps, though, the most significant of all of Hawthornes attributes to this problem of knowing was his use of irony. Language is central to the understanding of Robins journey. For instance, the symbolism he uses is vital to the archetypical pattern of a young mans right of passage. Hawthornes use of symbolism paired with ambiguity and irony leads to the reading of two parallel stories. Without the use of these language tools the reader would read only one story, instead the reader is able to also read the underlying story. The real impact this has on the story as a whole is rooted in the fact that all of the symbolism only leads to more questions, attributing greatly to the problem of knowing that encompasses the story. Although Hawthorne utilizes irony throughout the story as a language tool, it is important to see that the tone of the whole work is ironic. The way that we are looking at Robin is different from the way he is. This particular form of irony is known

Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables

Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured  in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is dependent on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the effect on the dependent variable is observed and recorded. Independent and Dependent Variable Example For example, a scientist wants to see if the brightness of light has any effect on a moth being attracted to the light. The brightness of the light  is controlled by the scientist. This would be the independent variable. How the moth reacts to the different light levels (distance to light source)  would be the dependent variable. How to Tell the Variables Apart The independent and dependent variables may be viewed in terms of cause and effect. If the independent variable is changed, then an effect is seen in the dependent variable. Remember, the values of both variables may change in an experiment and are recorded. The difference is that the value of the independent variable is controlled by the experimenter, while the value of the dependent variable only changes in response to the independent variable. Remembering Variables With DRYMIX When results are plotted in graphs, the convention is to use the independent variable as the x-axis and the dependent variable as the y-axis. The DRY MIX acronym can help keep the variables straight: D is the dependent variableR is the responding variableY is the axis on which the dependent or responding variable is graphed (the vertical axis) M is the manipulated variable or the one that is changed in an experimentI is the independent variableX is the axis on which the independent or manipulated variable is graphed (the horizontal axis) Independent vs Dependent Variable Key Takeaways The independent and dependent variables are the two key variables in a science experiment.The independent variable is the one the experimenter controls. The dependent variable is the variable that changes in response to the independent variable.The two variables may be related by cause and effect. If the independent variable changes, then the dependent variable is affected. Sources Carlson, Robert. A concrete introduction to real analysis. CRC Press, 2006. p.183.Dodge, Y. (2003) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9Everitt, B. S. (2002). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics (2nd ed.). Cambridge UP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X.

A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay Example

A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay Example A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay Explain and discourse the infinite plans of India and Pakistan. Highlight the comparative advantages that respective progresss may hold on the conventional battle-space, include an apprehension of existent clip situational consciousness, the flow of information, the cross networking of information in a full spectrum warfare state of affairs for both sides. Discourse the infinite plan s relationship to either state s strategic forces or assets. In relation to the wider planetary community, how either state is doing and viing for power and infinite, such as a regional hegemon, or beyond. The comparings are obvious in this regard as India has the absolute advantage, but explain it with proficient cognition, and strategic foresight. ACRONYMS A ; ABBREVIATIONS CCD Camera Charge-couple Device Camera ASAT Anti-Satellite Gilbert Geographic Information System BMD Ballistic Missile Defence NCRS National Centre for Remote Sensing INCOSPAR Indian National Committee for Space Research R A ; D Research and Development ISP Indian Space Program SLV Space Launch Vehicle Department of state Department of Space SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission ISRO Indian Space and Research Organisation Weapon of mass destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction ISC Indian Space Commission Antiballistic missile Anti-Ballistic Missile PSLV Polar Satellite Vehicle IRS Satellite Indian Remote Sensing Satellite GSLV Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle INSAT Indian National Satellite SLV Satellite Launch Vehicle GEO Geosynchronous Satellite Leo Low Earth Orbit ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle IGMDP Integrated Guided Missile Development Program DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile TMD Theatre missile Defense mechanism MIRV Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle IAF Indian Air Force WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority OST Outer Space Treaty PAROS Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space Introduction Pakistan and India have adequate conventional and WMD firepower to do irreparable harm to each other, therefore any attempts to weaponise their infinite plans will tantamount to insanity-even if both have the economic and proficient musculus for it. The two atomic arms provinces have an adversarial relationship which spans from being cold to being highly hostile. Though both provinces eschew chase of mobilization and weaponization of infinite they will covertly prosecute these purposes for two grounds. Indian strategians cite US-Russian-Chinese infinite competition as a ground for them to follow suit[ 1 ]and this in bend will hold a spin-off consequence for Pakistan. The impression of mobilization of infinite can be farther dissected as militarisation and weaponization . It is a bygone decision that outer infinite has been militarised[ 2 ]chiefly by the infinite faring states. Use of autochthonal and collaborative intelligence assemblage through orbiters, planetary placement systems for missile counsel and mark acquisition and net-centricity through communicating orbiters are a norm and grounds of mobilization of infinite. A usual solace is that the infinite has been militarised but has non yet been weaponized.[ 3 ]It is but a affair of clip that weaponization will besides go on shortly as the major powers, like US, are inextricably dependent[ 4 ]on their infinite based military assets. The bing international norms and pacts to maintain the warfare in the interior infinite of the Earth will be the first casualties if Lashkar-e-Taiba s state America encounters a infinite Pearl Harbour [ 5 ]from an antagonist that destroys some of its orbiters. Hence, no affair what the bing norms, the states with regional and / or planetary security concerns and power aspirations will besides fit the antagonists in infinite based engineerings. US withdrawal from the ABM Treaty by Bush disposal,[ 6 ]Reagan s SDI,[ 7 ]China s successful testing of ASAT arm in 2007[ 8 ]and India s chase of BMD are few illustrations.[ 9 ] Since infinite engineering is largely dual-use, India s peaceable infinite plan has besides served as a alternate to its missile plan.[ 10 ]The grounds to turn out if Pakistan has a pursuit to militarise its modest infinite plan is about non-existent for three grounds. There is small literature on Pakistan s infinite plan and its military facet will otherwise be kept secret. Space plans are cost intensive and given the hapless province of Pakistan s economic system it can be safely assumed that such an aspiration will stay an aspiration at least in the short term. The engineering s dual-use nature shows that advanced nature of Pakistan s missile plan and SUPARCO s research need a political determination and economic supporter to fit India. Pakistan will, nevertheless, start from a place of comparative disadvantage as India has benefited from US, Canada, Russia, France, Germany and Israel in infinite and missile engineering. Such a bilateral infinite race -underway covertly in all c hance will set extra strain on India and Pakistan s economic system, vitiate regional and planetary security environment and farther destabilize the bilateral dealingss the South Asiatic arch challengers. Scope This monograph draws a comparing of India and Pakistan s infinite plans in peaceable and military spheres of the engineerings, how either state is doing in regional and / or planetary power competition and the impact on conventional conflict infinite and full spectrum of warfare. INDIA S SPACE PROGRAM Peaceful Dimension India s infinite policy is to develop feasible infinite engineerings for socio-economic upheaval. The four peaceable aims of its infinite plan are ( 1 ) orbiter based communicating for telecommunication, Television, hunt and deliverance, tele-education, tele-medicine etc. ; ( 2 ) satellite-based remote feeling for resource study, direction, defense mechanism, security and environmental monitoring ; ( 3 ) meteoric applications ; and ( 4 ) development and operationalization of autochthonal orbiter and launch vehicles for supplying infinite services.[ 11 ] Administration and Development India s infinite plan can be divided in to two developmental phases. In 1960s it set up an administrative model and gained experience with simple projectile operations such as sounding rockets-that carry light warheads such as scientific experiments into and beyond the ambiance ( 100-300 km heights ) .[ 12 ]Initial low-tech infinite operations commenced in the early 1960s, ISRO was formed to organize these activities in 1969, and the Indian DOS was established in 1972. ISRO is portion of the DOS. Coordination between ISRO and other space-related bureaus is politically carried out through the ISC, which reports to the Prime Minister s office. The latter stage of the first phase of India s infinite plan chiefly experimental, low capableness undertakings that allowed Indian scientists to derive experience in the building and operation of orbiters an launchers-ISRO built Bhaskara Earth observation orbiters and the Ariane Payload Experiment communicating orbiter. SLV-3 projectile, which resembled US s Scout projectile, trials were done between 1979 and 1983.[ 13 ] ANTRIX: Antrix Corporation Limited, ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization, SCL: Semiconductor Laboratory, NE-SAC: North Eastern Space Applications Center, NARL: National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, PRL: Physical Research Laboratory, NRSA: National Remote Sensing Agency, IISU: ISRO Inertial System Unit, DECU: Development and Educational Communication Unit, MCF: Maestro Control Facility, RRSSCs: Regional Remote Sensing Service Centers, ISTRAC: ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network, LEOS: Lab for Electro-Optic System, SAC: Space Applications Center, ISAC: ISRO Satellite Center, LPSC: Liquid Propulsion System Center, VSCC: Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, SDSC: Satish Dhawan Space Center. In the 2nd phase was launched in mid-1980s and involved edifice of more powerful PSLV-that was used to establish IRS orbiter. It was followed by GSLV that launched INSAT, which is a meteoric and telecommunications platform. After GSLV s 2001 trial flight India s infinite plan has emerged to rank as the universe s 5th most advanced plan if such GEO capableness.[ 14 ] Technology Transfer and Foreign Assistance Besides engineering transportations, Indian scientists like Abdul Kalam and Homi Bhaba received preparation at NAS that helped India in developing and proving sounding projectiles and SLVs. ISRO s solid fuelled infinite launch projectiles based on the American supplied Scout projectiles were used as the first phase of Agni.[ 15 ]Agni s IRBM plan owes its generation to the adaptation of civilian infinite engineering and generous proficient aid provided by the Soviet Union, the US, France and Germany since the origin of India s Space Research Program in 1962.[ 16 ] DRDO s 1970s Devil short scope missile plan was a contrary technology and version of Soviet supplied SA-2 SAM.[ 17 ]India s dialogues to get Russian S-300 ABM system were nt successful and former declined American offer of Patriot-II ABM systems and have shown involvement in Patriot-III alternatively.[ 18 ]India besides received active Israeli cooperation in copying their Elbit ABM system and calling it as AXO-but the said system s being and claimed success is shrouded in enigma.[ 19 ] In the early 1990s, Russia provided some cryogenic projectile engines to India for its GSLV plan. France besides offered aid in development of cryogenic engines. French besides assisted Indians in developing Centaure sounding projectiles and in liquid propulsion engineerings. India was besides allowed to construct Viking projectiles under licence. Germany s aid was the most important because it continued even after it joined MTCR in 1987. Germans assisted India in counsel mechanism, projectile testing, Motorola processors related package and usage of composite stuffs ; which was diverted to military usage. Satellite Launch Vehicle Capability India s SLVs have progressed from SLV-3, 35 kilogram warhead and 300 kilometers altitude LEO, to GSLV with 2,500 kilograms warhead and 36,000 kilometer GEO. They are developing 200-ton solid fuel engine and a 20-ton cryogenic engine for more powerful GSLVs that would hold greater warhead capablenesss. The SLV plan has met failures too-only five out of eight ( 62 % ) SLV-3 and ASLV launches were successful, while four out of five ( 80 % ) of PSLV launches have been successful.[ 20 ] Missile Program and MIRV Capability India has created a turning substructure, aˆÂ ¦ for the use of infinite engineering and assets in infinite for aˆÂ ¦ diverse sectors aˆÂ ¦ India is, hence, committed to the peaceable chase of infinite engineering and to continue outer infinite aˆÂ ¦ entirely for peaceable utilizations. We portion the concerns about the dangers of deployment of arms in the outer infinite and believe that this will non be in our corporate involvement. -Statement by Jayant Prasad, PRI to CD, Geneva February 2, 2006 India s missile plan partly overlaps with, while being partially distinct from, India s infinite from. In July 1983, New Delhi embarked upon an IGMDP. The IGMDP[ 21 ]was ab initio allocated a budget of US $ 130 million and by 1994 US $ 275 million to develop SLV-3. Agni missile straight derived from the Indian infinite plan s SLV-3.[ 22 ]Missile scientist Abdul Kalam, who headed the SLV-3 undertaking at ISRO, moved to DRDO to direct India s missile plan with a twelve scientists-thus profiting military from purely scientific plan. Later Agni-2 s solid fuel 2nd phase was built by ISRO. Despite being more powerful than SLV-3, India s subsequent orbiter launchers, the ASLV and PSLV, have non found direct applications as ballistic missiles as ballistic missiles. Agni is light and hence more movable ; it provides for an ideal IRBM system. The ASLV and PSLV theoretically have a 4,000 and 8,000 kilometer scope, severally, and would convey China s heartland within scope when launched from sec ure launch sites in East and Central India. Yet it would be hard to deploy ASLV and PSLV as faculty, truck- or rail-mounted missiles because of their big diameter strap-on supporters. Furthermore, these projectiles are highly heavy and have a hapless push to burden ratio. Development of subsequently long scope versions of Agni addressed these issues. India already possesses inchoate capablenesss to MIRV its missiles, but this does non intend that it can instantly procure a fully fledged capableness, because there are a scope of [ proficient ] conditions that would impact its development of MIRV engineering.[ 23 ]Given the double usage nature of infinite engineering, the increased civilian infinite cooperation between the US and India will ensue in transportation of engineering that may convey integrating and bringing capablenesss warheads into India s armory.[ 24 ] The developments in last 10 old ages show[ 25 ] such as a series of successful orbiter launches and January 2000 successful launch and recovery mission of the Space Recovery Experiment capsule validate that India has critical enabling engineering necessary for the research and development of a MIRV capableness.[ 26 ] Satellite Reconnaissance India achieved a moderate orbiter reconnaissance capableness with 23-meters declaration in 1980s in the seeable and near-infrared set, allowing the sensing of big military installings.[ 27 ]However, since 1995 the IRS series of orbiters, which can bring forth 5.8-meter declaration imagination, are in orbit. In 2001 India launched a Technology Experiment Satellite to a 568 kilometer orbit ; its one-meter declaration panchromatic camera with two-to-three-day repetition rhythm provided utile reconnaissance capablenesss.[ 28 ]These promotions will heighten Indian mark acquisition and battle capablenesss and can besides be integrated in to their BMD system.[ 29 ]There is touchable advancement towards supplying secure and dedicated communicating links to the Indian military. For case, IAF is likely to establish its ain orbiter by terminal 2010.[ 30 ] C3Capabilities India s communications orbiters have some military capablenesss but have non had specifically designated military maps. INSAT are non optimum for military operation because of their inappropriate frequence scope and its frequence sets can be easy jammed.[ 31 ] Budget Allotment India has spent about US $ 4 billion plus on infinite plan in last one decennary.[ 32 ]The following table gives inside informations of disbursement between 2002 and 2008.[ 33 ] Areas 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 INSAT operational 172 114 100 108 114 122 Space Technology 261 330 401 403 431 587 Space Applications 51 56 65 82 91 103 Space Sciences 16 21 40 38 67 78 Administration and other plans 14 16 15 34 46 71 Entire US $ ( Million ) approx. 524 537 621 665 749 961 BMD Shield Pursuit of missile defense mechanism system has direct deductions on nature of infinite plan. Contrary to their earlier stance, Indian leading welcomes US determination to aˆÂ ¦ This displacement in stance and subsequent assorted statements clearly corroborate the bing grounds of chase of BMD system. India s involvement in missile defense mechanism dates back several old ages, though the chief focal point is on TMD.[ 34 ]In India US NMD is seen as straight impacting its national security in different ways. India perceives menace to its fatherland from short-range and intermediate-range missiles and BMD shield provides the solution.[ 35 ] In July 2000, Indian Defence Minister was critical of US NMD and considered it debatable in future[ 36 ]and a hebdomad subsequently gave an ambivalent response-saying that though NMD may change planetary atomic balance, it would non impact India s atomic plan.[ 37 ] India and Israel successfully negotiated incorporating the engineering of Akash and the Arrow-2, and besides the Rajendra radio detection and ranging with the Arrow-2 s Green-pine radio detection and ranging, which can track a missile from a distance of 300 kilometers.[ 38 ] Geostrategic Deductions India and Pakistan seemingly eschew the impression of the mobilization of infinite as it may take to dominance by some, an weaponries race and asymmetric responses by others. Like its instance to legalize the atomic arms plan, India will play the China card for prosecuting missile defense mechanism plan therefore fuelling a infinite race. Some Indian bookmans consider China s 2007 ASAT trial as a destabilising incident that can potentially get down a infinite race in Asia.[ 39 ] Future historiographers may good see Beijing s usage of a missile to destruct an old conditions orbiter as holding more permanent planetary impact than the Iraq war, commented International Herald Tribune on January 21, 2007 and similar concerns were raised by other sections of media.[ 40 ] The linkage is non China specific merely but the Indian strategic civilization takes a planetary position on security. America s continued qualitative and quantitative build-up entails expanded arsenal, multiple-warhead ( MIRVed missiles ) , and the acceptance of an watchful position. Consequently, Indians would comprehend such a alteration threatening and a build-up would get down, followed by a response from Pakistan-thus triping regional instability. Some American critics echo similar positions.[ 41 ]American indians argue that a China antagonised by American missile defense mechanism may pull even closer to Pakistan and speed up strategic cooperation with it.[ 42 ] In August 1999, India announced a bill of exchange atomic philosophy that declared that its atomic forces would be based on a three and that space-based and other assets shall be created to supply early warning, communications, [ and ] damage/detonation appraisal for this force.[ 43 ]This bill of exchange philosophy was updated in 2003 by another papers which shows that Delhi has been prosecuting many of the engineerings required for a atomic force that are already going available through the state s infinite plan.[ 44 ] India s infinite assets were developed for economic intents but have found some ( and offer the potency for farther military applications. The infinite applications that India developed in 1980s and 1990s could hold been purchased at a somewhat higher cost from international market-but it offers long term economic and technological benefits. The slightly limited capablenesss of India s infinite assets compared to those of the universe s major space-faring bureaus restrict New Delhi s public presentation and international fight but do non significantly take away from its modest economic, political, and military public-service corporation. India s infinite assets are now sufficiently advanced to heighten its atomic hindrance and strategic capablenesss. These technological promotions could good co-occur with, and farther facilitate, India s outgrowth as a major participant in the Asia-Pacific[ 45 ]in the short term. India s SLV plan and its other infinite assets provide New Delhi with a satellite-based reconnaissance and communications capableness. Such beforehand infinite capablenesss, combined with the modernization of India s conventional forces and the development of its atomic forces, can significantly act upon the strategic relationship between India, Pakistan and China-thus making broader security deductions for the Asia-Pacific part. It can be argued that presenting orbiters in to revolve make non necessitate the same truth that is needed in a MIRV but it can non be denied that India is doing betterments even if these are modest. The challenge faced by the Indian atomic scientists and missile applied scientists is to develop thermo-nuclear arms with miniaturised payloads and strong-small-lightweight missiles to present these. While development of missiles can go on unnoticed, proving thermonuclear arms will trip tit-for-tat response from Pakistan and has deductions for successful decision of CTBT that US will non wish to be derailed. The Pakistani response to American NMD and to the Indian involvement in missile defense mechanism has been negative. At the Cadmium in Geneva, former Foreign Secretary Inamul Haq argued that the creative activity of shields would do others to better their spears, which could rise tensenesss between major powers, endanger the planetary strategic balance and turn back the disarming clock. [ 46 ]The Pakistani position is in agreement with the Domino theory on NMD, which springs from a MAD-based perceptual experience that one adult male s missile defense mechanism is another s first-strike exposure. Brigadier ( R ) Naeem Salik noticing on BMD system s radioactive dust on non-proliferation wrote: The 2nd cause of concern for Pakistan is the possibility that, in position of the tarriance differences over BMD systems between US-Russia on the one manus and US and China on the other, there is a existent danger of perturbing the whole construction of the international nonproliferation government with obvious negative impact on the international security and stableness. Already these differences have brought to a practical arrest the advancement on the ongoing pact dialogues at the Cadmium at Geneva. In this respect we see the acceptance of a consultative attack to contract down the differences with the critics of the strategy, as is apparent from President Bush s dictum of May 1, 2001, as a positive development. Pakistan can merely trust that China s legitimate security concerns would be addressed before a concluding determination on deployment is taken by the US.[ 47 ] PAKISTAN S SPACE PROGRAM Vision On February 3, 2005 President Pervez Musharraf gave a vision statement for the SUPARCO during a visit to its Headquarters ( HQ ) . He envisioned SUPARCO to develop the capableness to do and establish different types of orbiters particularly communications orbiters, remote feeling orbiters, conditions orbiters, and so orbiters that would run into the demands of national security . He expressed the demand for autochthonal orbiter launch vehicles ( SLVs ) , gave a mark of 10-15 old ages to set a adult male in infinite and on the Moon and drawn-out authorities s full support.[ 48 ] Administration and Development[ 49 ] SUPARCO is the national infinite bureau of Pakistan and it was established in 1961 upgraded to the position of Commission in 1981 with the intent of peaceable geographic expedition and applications. SUPARCO is devoted to Research and Development ( R A ; D ) in infinite scientific discipline and infinite engineering for peaceable utilizations of outer infinite and socioeconomic upheaval of the state. Pakistan has developed three orbiters so far: Badr-1, Badr-B and Paksat-1. Badr-1 was Pakistan s first indigenously developed orbiter launched in 1990 on-board a communicating bundle to show the engineering. Badr-B was a indigenously built experimental orbiter launched in December 2001. It has four experimental warheads on-board i.e. CCD camera, storage and forwarding experiment, dosemeter and battery-end-of-charge sensing. Paksat-1, was a communicating orbiter, leased, relocated and parked at 380 East slot with the primary aim to protect the lone slot left for Pakistan in infinite to safeguard it strategic involvements. It has 30 C-and transponders on-board. FTR: Flight Test Scope IS: Industrial Services Information technology: Information Technology Seaborgium: Satellite Ground Station SPARCENT: Space Research Center IRS: Ionospheric Res Station SPARC: Sp App Res Center Spars: Sp App Res Station STW: Space Technology Wing SEW: Space Electronicss Flying SARW: Space Applications A ; Res Wing R A ; IW: Range A ; Instrumentation Wing IST: Institute of Space TechnologyNational Satellite Development Program The National Satellite Development Program ( NSDP ) comprises a communicating orbiter ( Paksat-1R ) to replace the bing leased orbiter, two remote feeling orbiter systems ( RSS-1 and 2 ) with lower limit 2.5m declaration and human resource development for the plan. The 1000 kilogram Paksat-1R is scheduled to be launched by May 2011 with a commissioning and operation scheduled in June 2011. The orbiter will hold a life span of 15 old ages and will be launched in geostationary orbit. It will run in C and Ku frequence sets for domestic coverage chiefly and will hold footprint coverage over Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, UAE, Saudi Arabia, western China, Meleagris gallopavo, Syria, Jordan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Oman, Myanmar, Eretria and parts of Europe. SUPARCO s future communicating orbiter plans include PAKSAT-1R, PAKSAT-2R, PAKSAT-FR, PAKSAT-DR and PAKSAT-ER in C, Ku and Ka bands. Its meteoric plan includes polar orbiting and geostationary orbiters. In a four phased plan they plan to shoot 200 kg orbiters at 600-1000 kilometers height, followed by two phases of 500-800 kilogram orbiters and 1 ton and above orbiters. In the last stage, SUPARCO plans will establish 1 ton category orbiters of up to 36000 kilometer scope. In house Satellite Design and Development SUPARCO is actively prosecuting know-how in satellite development plan through design and development of a proto-type Remote Sensing Satellite-1 ( PRSS-1 ) that will be an electro-optical mission with a high declaration warhead. The orbiter will be launched in sun-synchronous orbit at 700 km height. Remote Sensing and GIS SUPARCO is prosecuting satellite distant feeling applications plans and have a orbiter land having station in Islamabad. The station acquires and disseminates SRS informations, provides proficient aid, conducts commercial undertakings, offers preparation and consultancy services and develops customised package and offers GIS database development. Satellite Ground Station, Islamabad s acquisition zone is shown on opposing map. The RS-GIS is involved in multiple undertakings that include national land usage program, appraising and function of Indus river inundation field, mapping Rhizophora mangle woods along the seashore of Pakistan, monitoring watercourses, GIS for Pakistan State Oil, harvest monitoring, dams site choice for WAPDA and route location of Chaman Kandahar railroad line for Pakistan railroads. Deductions of Pakistan s Space Program Four factors explain Pakistan s modest infinite plan and India s border in infinite engineering. One, economic jussive moods made infinite plan cost prohibitory. Two, unlike India, Pakistan s plan has suffered from weak scientific support base. Three, West s engineering denial attack weaponries trade stoppages and multi-layered and multi-faceted countenances earnestly impeded even the peaceable chase of infinite engineering. Finally, even if latter issues were surmountable, Pakistani leading likely valued its duties of the OST and the norms of PAROS worth maintaining. Otherwise, Pakistan could hold chosen to follow the attack it took for its atomic arms plan. As referred to above, Pakistan will be forced to develop autochthonal reconnaissance orbiters to augment its conventional defense mechanism capablenesss that hinge on keeping a believable minimal atomic hindrance. Amongst the states known to hold existent or possible ballistic missile development plans, India and Israel are rated as the most advanced in the Fieldss of infinite and missile engineerings. Pakistan has, in the last decennary or so, made considerable progresss in this field, and has acquired a proven missile capableness with the successful testing and initiation of a assortment of ballistic missiles and more late a sail missile.[ 50 ] Decision A comparative analysis of India and Pakistan s infinite plans reveals that India has a definite border in infinite engineering that Islamabad is easy seeking to fit. The mobilization and eventual weaponization of infinite will further corrupt the regional and planetary security environment at great economical cost. Since India links its military facet of infinite plan to US-Russia-China infinite competition, the latter will hold to do believable advancement towards CBMs and esteeming OST and PAROS. Pakistan s effort to come in the infinite race is linked to its care believable minimal atomic disincentive with India and like its atomic arms plan ; Pakistan will come in the nine instead covertly and reluctantly.

Symbolism In Trifles by susan glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbolism In Trifles by susan glaspell - Essay Example Wright and the situation which led to the main conflict that is throughout the play. The first set of symbols which are associated with the trifles are the kitchen items which are seen, all which are referred to first as being in a mess. The set of noticed items include fruit that has frozen, preserves that Mrs. Wright was working on and pans that are under the sink. The main association is with the fruit that is frozen and with the preserves that haven’t been cared for. This is significant as it becomes a meaning which is related to the marriage and how it wasn’t cared for or preserved. This is what led to the cold and icy relationship that both were a part of. This is followed by the pans that are kicked under the sink leave the same impression, which shows that the cooking and care is one which is stuffed into a corner and hasn’t been used properly, similar to the marriage which Mrs. Wright is in. The next item which becomes symbolic is the loaf of bread. This isn’t significant except it hasn’t been placed in the bread box, which causes it to dry quickly and isn’t a way of caring for the items in the kitchen. The loaf of bread becomes symbolic with the marriage not being set in the right place and instead becoming one based on the wrong understanding within the relationship. While the men state that this is related to bad housekeeping, the women that are speaking notice that the uncommon changes in the kitchen are related specifically to Mrs. Wright not being able to create the right approach to the idea of being a wife and having a husband which is able to care for the marriage. The clothing is another symbol which is noted. This becomes significant because of the types of clothing that is expected. The first is an apron which Mrs. Wright has requested. The apron is significant because it shows how Mrs. Wright only believes the marriage was good so she could offer housekeeping chores, as opposed to having a true mar riage. The second is a shawl that is required. There is also a quilt which is mentioned and which the women notice that she is piecing together. The statement which is made with this is based on knotting the quilt, instead of sewing it. The knots are significant with the thoughts of Mrs. Wright, which doesn’t offer a proper way of putting together the quilt but instead shows that her marriage is tied together loosely. The significance of the individual items are also identified with the state that each of the pieces are in. The sewing left behind is noted as being good half way through the piece then changing. Mrs. Hale states that â€Å"Here, this is the one that she was working on, and look at the sewing! All the rest of it has been so nice and even. And look at this! It’s all over the place! Why, it looks as if she didn’t know what she was about!† (Glaspell, 962). There are also noticed changes with half of the counter being clean and the other half be ing a mess. The concept of the items being half way clean and the other half messy continues with a hinge that is half way pulled off of the door. Each of these indicate that the marriage was one which was also becoming a mess and was falling apart, similar to the items seen. The last trifle which works as a symbol is the bird. This is significant because of the cage which is found; however, the bird is gone. The women looking at the trifles note that Mrs. Wright used to like to sing but stopped. They also note

The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg by Mark Twain Research Paper - 1

The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg by Mark Twain - Research Paper Example Following this, the stranger decides to teach the entire region of Hadleyburg a lesson by turning them into corrupt citizens. He wants to make them aware of the ‘actual realities’ of life by making them turn to look at the kind of temptations and corruption that life actually contains. The stranger happens to have an entire plan of action in order to go about this process as well. This story has been written by the author as a pun on today’s world and different kind of people living in society. Living in an ideal world or a Utopian land is a concept not really known to mankind. Twain has tried to depict a very ‘clean’ society with citizens free from any bribery and wrongdoing. However, he also put in the character that tries to destroy this kind of perfect imagery and create havoc within the town. Through the eyes of this main protagonist Twain tries to tell his readers how it is impossible to live in a picture perfect world. According to the author, society is made up of all kinds of people, the bad and the good. This story however, gives an image of the good people that a society should ideally contain. Through this, Mark has tried his level best to make people understand that one cannot really live in such a place; and that such a society is not really something that would exist in today’s world. â€Å"It is an honest town once more, and the man will have to rise early that catches it napping again.† (Twain, Mark) The word ‘Utopian’ comes exactly from the meaning of this book on a different level. It is used to describe a situation, preferably a place or a region, where everything is perfect; where the people are living together in harmony, not fighting and are happy with everything that they have to offer to the people around them. However, this is not the case in real life because in reality, different kinds of people exist in the world. They each have their own views about living and surviving in the

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay Curriculum is defined as â€Å"a program of courses to be taken in pursuit of a degree or other objective† (Harvey, 2004). Meanwhile, the tests may impact the local curriculum in such a way that it becomes â€Å"strengthened and enriched† (Seattle Public Schools, 2007). Let us take for instance, the â€Å"Washington Assessment of Student Learning†, which is actually a series of tests that assists ensure that student will grasp the â€Å"foundational skills and knowledge that educator, parents, nd community leaders say are important to their success in life† (Bergeson, n. d. ). Since the â€Å"Washington Assessment of Student Learning† helps determine the performance of each student, as well as, the school, this is then utilized to â€Å"improve teaching and to do a better job of meeting every student’s academic needs† (Bergeson, n. d. ). Another proof that tests impact on curriculum is the fact that the â€Å"Washington Assessment of Student Learning† is established â€Å"to create a set of common learning standards† (Bergeson, n. . ). This means that the test indeed helpful in the curriculum, for without the existence of common learning standards, nothing will be improved on the part of curriculum (Bergeson, n. d. ). Last but not least, if a certain student fails in the â€Å"Washington Assessment of Student Learning†, the performance of the student will be tackled with the teacher along with an authorized employee from the â€Å"Advanced Learning Office† (Bergeson, n. d. ). They will then try to come up with â€Å"an individualized action plan† which â€Å"outlines what interventions will be put into place and what types of assessments will be administered to monitor student academic growth† (Seattle Public Schools, 2007). This now serves as the individual curriculum of the student which may turn into the school’s curriculum if the students have the same case as the aforementioned (Seattle Public Schools, 2007). On a final note, as backed up in the aforementioned, tests then greatly impact local curriculum.

themebeo Epic of Beowulf Essay - Themes and Motifs in Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

Beowulf:   Themes and Motifs    Beowulf is the most important work of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction.   Throughout the epic, the Anglo-Saxon storyteller uses many elements to build a certain depth to the characters. Just a few of the important character elements in Beowulf are Wealth & Honor, Biblical & Paganistic, and Man vs. Wild themes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of the characters in Beowulf are, like in most epics, defined by their status.   But, in addition to status, the Anglo-Saxon culture also adds an element of honor.   To the Anglo-Saxons, a character’s importance, as well as their wealth and status, where measured not only in monetary terms, but it was also measured in terms of honor, fame, and accomplishments.   Hrothgar, king of the Danes, is one example of the Anglo-Saxon measurement of importance in Beowulf.   In Canto 1 the story teller describes his wealth and importance, not as mounds of gold or jewels, but instead as his ability to â€Å"[lead] the Danes to such glory.† and as his tendency to â€Å"In battle, [leave] the common pasture untouched, and taking no lives.† Through this display of compassion for the commoner who doesn’t fight in battles, Hrothgar proves the full extent of his honor and therefore the extent of his wealth and status.   Beowulf, th e hero-prince, also proves his true wealth and status through his deeds as defender of the Danes..   As he fights and defeats Grendel, Beowulf Earns Fame and wealth from his companions, and from the Danes, but more importantly, he earns honor raising him to the level of an archetypal hero.   Grendel, on the other hand, is the total opposite of Beowulf.   He has no wealth, no honor, and he in infamous as an evil killer.   This lack of wealth and honor defines Grendel as a symbol of evil and corruption.   In addition to using Honor and wealth to define a character’s character, the story-teller(s) have incorporated alternating Biblical and Paganistic motifs in the epic-poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The original Epic was obviously Paganistic due to the time period of it’s creation. But, as time wore on, the rewriting and touching up of the manuscripts by various sources including religious monks, caused the characters to have slight Christian characteristics. These Christian themes have become very important to the epic to add am element of depth that wouldn’t be possible in modern times due to the lost of the Anglo-Saxon culture and beliefs.

Ben & Jerry’s Company Analysis †Short Essay

Companies like Ben & Jerry’s could definitely be affected by high inflation because of the consumer spending. When the consumers are forced to pay higher prices for products or services that are a necessity, they cut back on products or services that are a luxury. Luxuries that are not a necessity to live like gasoline for vehicles or gas to heat homes or even food will not be bought. Any company that sells a luxury item that is not a necessity to live can be affected by high inflation. With inflation, the price of everything goes up. With that said, the price for companies to buy supplies goes up, meaning that in order to cover their overhead, they will need to find a way to make that money back which could mean layoffs or raising the price of their goods or products. In a recession, companies like Ben & Jerry’s could also face the possibility of being negatively affected because of the demand of consumers. Very much like inflation, recession has the same effect; the consumers do not want to spend their money on luxury items. With the recession, there are more people unemployed who are just barely getting by, therefore, will refuse to spend any money on something that does not decide whether they have a home or not, which includes a luxury item like ice cream. Ben & Jerry’s could also be affected because of their stock prices. During a recession, the price of stock usually declines. So, their revenue would be affected as well as their stock, which would result in bad overall performance of the company. Speaking from personal experience, any luxury item that I absolutely do not need, I do not buy. I simply cannot put myself in a position to not pay a bill because I want to â€Å"treat† myself. With all this said, Ben & Jerry’s provides a reasonably priced luxury item that I would consider a â€Å"feel-good† luxury item. Everyone loves ice cream, young and old. Consumers still need to have a quality of life with the changing economic conditions and if buying an affordable luxury item gives them that, they are going to splurge and buy it. Unlike other luxury items, such as getting clothing and spa appointments, the consumer still gets to feel good and not go broke. Ben & Jerry’s makes a one of a kind product, their flavored ice cream, which makes it an easy buying decision for the consumer. The text book also explains that McDonald’s is not hit as sensitive to the economic conditions for the same reason. Their food is reasonably priced and the consumer still gets to feel like they are â€Å"treating† themselves to restaurant food without breaking the bank. Ben & Jerry’s has social, product and economic condition missions that make them popular in their industry. Not only do they care about making a profit, but they care about their people, environment and planet. They have mission statements for each of these and they follow through. As a consumer, I would rather buy my luxury item from a company that cares about something other than making a buck like their competitors. They make their ice cream to support causes like the recent Imagine Whirled Peace flavor that hosted a competition and donated money to them to support their peace cause. They also have a foundation that gives grants to non-profit organizations that are working for progressive social change. They hold fund-raisers and rally days. They provide hope, awareness and celebration. They also use naturally and humanly produced ingredients as part of one of their missions as well, which is something that would usually increase the price of any products, but with this company, it is just part of their offering. All in all, they provide more than just ice cream to the consumers which makes them less vulnerable to the economic shocks.

Ideas to Reduce Corruption

To reduce the level of corruption in our countries, we, as the next generation, must take the lead to make our desire of change public to each government. At the same time community leaders must be used to spread the idea of a progressive change. As my first step to do so, I will convince my sector leaders to increase education in people, youth and childhood, starting from just a few and going up in the whole country. After that, work with the example to other countries and make the change visible and desirable.Corruption is such a major problem in our societies. For bad luck we are daily inmerse in cases where we have to face corruption and of course we will do it depending on the circumstances. Sometimes I think that we already live with corruption as a normal standard of living, how sad! Therefore instead of falling into the trap we should in first place think about what we are doing and the repercussions that my acts are going to have in a long term.The first step is to think if there is correct way to do things, maybe it is difficult but our problem is that we feel comfortable and we forget that we can think outside the box. We should start letting our voices out, and let them be heard, and of course even if it sounds as a utopia, the change starts with us and how are we willing to face this new challenges. It? not going to be easy and we are not going to be able to change it in one day, but slowly, with a noble heart, with passion and desire, small actions can do gigantic things. Last but not least in my particular case, if someday I become what I’m wishing for; Ministry of Agriculture of Ecuador from that position at least I will be able to give back a little bit to my community and to the agricultural sector, and I will try my best to do things right for my country.To reduce corruption is not an easy thing, it requires a lot of effort, but the change should begin by getting people to acknowledge that corruption is not something distant, allusive only to politicians or people in power; sadly, corruption is enrooted in the culture of our countries at all levels; it is like cancer that spreads slowly killing ethical and moral values of citizens. I think the only way to stop the vicious circle of corruption is to raise the awareness among people that corruption must not be considered a common practice, corruption is a problem and the solution is in the hands of each and every one of us.It is in us the responsibility to say no to corruption, to build a better and fairer society. What I propose is to make a social awareness campaign which encourages people to say no to corruption, starting with simple things, like respecting the lines, not offering or receiving bribes, respecting the traffic police, acting with empathy, etc. ; the idea is that this small wins in the day to day activities of people set in an environment in which the vicious circle of corruption can be broken. This campaign should frame its message in civic pride a nd the desire for improvement, something like: â€Å"I am Latin American, and I say no to corruption†.This has to be visual; I can imagine employees putting an emblematic sign of the â€Å"I say no† campaign in front of their desks just to let know others they are not willing to make bad businesses, or policemen wearing I say no badges to let know drivers they won’t accept bribes and posters of â€Å"I say no† in court rooms. Of course this campaign should be based on real actions, such as the improvement of laws, severe penalties for corrupt public functionaries, education in schools and colleges of ethics, improvement of public services, among others.Even though such movement can be sponsored by the government, an ONG, the private sector or any group, the most important is that it must get the support of all constituencies and the message must really get to touch the mind and hearts of people to achieve the impossible, to be part of something special, a nd to create an â€Å"I say no† culture. The best way to change Latin America is to supply basic needs in the communities. Until the basic requirements of healthcare, nourishment and safety are met the more complex building blocks that would inoculate the communities from corruption cannot be achieved.To do this we need to raise the wealth and more importantly distribute it fairly. A simple solution is not available, little steps must be taken to improve governmental entities, private sector, education with example and action. Tactics like micro financing can develop the most vulnerable communities and igniting a culture of respect for those well off individuals who do affect those communities in a positive way. Whenever the benefits of taking the corrupt road outweigh the costs of taking it, the propensity of corruption among public institutions will be present in a significant way.Today in Latin America most our countries are left at the mercy of the only effective deterren t for corruption we are able to find: ethics. And as effective as they are, history has proved us that relying on them is not only naive but kind of irresponsible. So in order to get rid of this awful disease, more is needed to generate change. Going back to the first idea, individuals make their decisions considering the costs and benefits of a particular path. So in order to influence such decisions, incentives must be created to increase the benefits or increase the costs.Either way would prove to be an effective way of influencing behavior. Then what we could do is try to increase the costs of corrupt behavior. How can a society do so? By modifying their current institutions, in order to create a set of rules applicable to everyone, and creating enough will power to enforce this rules. People talk a lot of the role of culture in the corruption dilemma. Nevertheless institutions also help to shape culture. In order to change culture we first have to change our institutions.Which institutions to change, and how to change them, goes beyond the scope of the writer’s intention, but an opinion is clearly defined towards changing institutions as a way of eliminating corruption in our countries. First of all we need to act as we talk; we need to really step up and act upon our words on a positive way. Secondly we need to rely on education and values for our society. We need to start positively influencing our inner circle (Family and friends) and start working our way out (Work ad society). Corruption is something that must be change with time.You cannot change it in one week or month, even one year. The Key is culture and institutions and strong competitive market. In order to eliminate corruption you have to prepare the coming generation with new values, habits and thinking so you begin to create an environment of respect for the society.. The second thing is that it is necessary to guarantee and strong State that applies the law, but also an institution that develop new way to be more efficient and respond to a highly demand society.Finally, it is need to create incentive for people, if the people's needs are not fulfill are not totally fulfill, t is likely to fall in corruption; one way to avoid this is with real competitive market, and if there is a unfair situation, the State has to react. Assuring this three ideas it is more probably you can have a better society in the future generation. To reduce corruption in Central America we all have to do our part. If you get to deal with a corrupt person, always do the following two things; first don't comply with the corruption. Then speak up. Don't keep it to yourself. If you keep quiet, the corruption will never stop. Doing these two things, one person at a time, will make this a better region for everybody.

Novelist, Read The Bible!

Novelist, Read The Bible! Novelist, Read The Bible! Novelist, Read The Bible! By Maeve Maddox Whatever your religious affiliation or views, if you wish to enrich your writing in English, its in your interest to familiarize yourself with the language of the 1611 translation known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible. More recent translations are preferable for purposes of textual criticism, but for the lover of English, the AV belongs right next to the dictionary on the writers shelf of essential references. The Bible is not one book, its a library of different kinds of writing: poetry, history, laws, drama, and philosophy. I dont recommend struggling through the food laws or the begats (long genealogical lists), but the poetic books like Job and Song of Songs provide an inexhaustible mine of balanced phrasing and indelible imagery. Hemingway took his title The Sun Also Rises from beautiful, world-weary Ecclesiastes: One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. Some other writers got titles from the same place: Earth Abides, by George R. Steward Earth Abideth, by George Dell One Generation Passes Away, Another Generation Comes, by Joyce Jones Roe And then theres this passage from the Song of Songs (also called Song of Solomon): For, lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone; The flowers appear on the earth; the time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is heard in our land Take us the foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vines: for our vines have tender grapes. My beloved is mine, and I am his: he feedeth among the lilies. NOTE: In this context the turtle is a turtledove. Here are some titles that this passage seems to have inspired: Our Vines Have Tender Grapes, by George Victor Martin The Little Foxes, by Lillian Hellman The Voice of the Turtle, by John Van Druten Song of Solomon, by Toni Morrison Among the Lilies, by Mary Adriano and Mary Bruno Winter is Past, by Ruth Axtell Morren Some readers may balk at the old -eth endings. One way to deal with them is to read them as -es verbs. Another way is to read from the Revised King James version which modernizes the grammar: One generation passes away, and another generation comes; But the earth abides forever. Thanks to a multiplicity of websites equipped with great search engines, you can go directly to the stories you want to read. A good place to begin is The Bible Gateway. Who knows? You may find the perfect title for your next novel. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†15 Idioms for Periods of Time

Sten Gun in World War II

Sten Gun in World War II The Sten submachine gun was a weapon developed for use by British and Commonwealth forces during World War II. It takes its name from the last names of its designers, Major Reginald V. Shepherd and Harold J. Turpin, and Enfield. Intended to be simple to build, the Sten was employed across all theaters of the conflict and was retained by many militaries for several decades after the war. The Sten also saw extensive use by resistance groups in Europe during the conflict and its easy to construct design permitted some to produce their own variations. Development During the early days of World War II, the British Army purchased large numbers of Thompson submachine guns from the United States under Lend-Lease. As American factories were operating at peacetime levels, they were unable to meet the British demand for the weapon. Following their defeat on the Continent and the Dunkirk Evacuation, the British Army found itself short on weapons with which to defend Britain. As sufficient numbers of Thompsons were unavailable, efforts moved forward to design a new submachine gun that could be built simply and cheaply. This new project was led by Major Reginald V. Shepherd, OBE of The Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, and Harold John Turpin of the Design Department of the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield. Drawing inspiration from the Royal Navys Lanchester submachine gun and the German MP40, the two men created the STEN. The weapons name was formed by using Shepherd and Turpins initials and combining them with EN for Enfield. The action for their new submachine gun was a blowback open bolt in which the movement of the bolt loaded and fired the round as well as re-cocked the weapon. Design Problems Due to the need to quickly manufacture the Sten, construction consisted of a variety of simple stamped parts and minimal welding. Some variants of the Sten could be produced in as few as five hours and contained only 47 parts. An austere weapon, the Sten consisted of a metal barrel with a metal loop or tube for a stock. Ammunition was contained in a 32-round magazine which extended horizontally from the gun. In an effort facilitate use of captured 9 mm German ammunition, the Stens magazine was a direct copy of one used by the MP40. This proved problematic as the German design utilized a double column, single feed system that led to frequent jamming. Further contributing to this issue was the long slot along the side of the Sten for the cocking knob which also allowed debris to enter the firing mechanism. Due to the speed of the weapons design and construction it contained only basic safety features. The lack of these led to the Sten having a high rate of accidental discharge when hit or dropped. Efforts were made in later variants to correct this problem and install additional safeties. Sten Gun Cartridge: 9 x 19mm ParabellumCapacity: 32-round detachable box magazineMuzzle Velocity: 1,198 ft./sec.Weight: approx. 7.1 lbs.Length: 29.9 in.Barrel Length: 7.7 in.Rate of Fire: 500-600 rounds per minuteSights: Fixed peep rear, post frontAction: Blowback-operated, open bolt Variants The Sten Mk I entered service in 1941 and possessed a flash hider, refined finish, and wooden foregrip and stock. Approximately 100,000 were produced before factories switched to the simpler Mk II. This type saw the elimination of the flash hider and hand grip, while possessing a removable barrel and shorter barrel sleeve. A rough weapon, over 2 million Sten Mk IIs were built making it the most numerous type. As the threat of invasion eased and production pressure relaxed, the Sten was upgraded and built to a higher quality. While the Mk III saw mechanical upgrades, the Mk V proved to be the definitive wartime model. Woman worker poses with finished Sten submachinegun, 1942. Library and Archives Canada Essentially a Mk II built to a higher quality, the Mk V included a wooden pistol grip, foregrip (some models), and stock as well as a bayonet mount. The weapons sights were also upgraded and its overall manufacture proved more reliable. A variant with an integral suppressor, dubbed the Mk VIS, was also built at the request of the Special Operation Executive. On par with the German MP40 and U.S. M3, the Sten suffered the same problem as its peers in that its use of 9 mm pistol ammunition severely restricted accuracy and limited its effective range to approximately 100 yards. An Effective Weapon Despite its issues, the Sten proved an effective weapon in the field as it dramatically increased the short-range firepower of any infantry unit. Its simplistic design also allowed it to fire without lubrication which reduced maintenance as well as made it ideal for campaigns in desert regions where oil could attract sand. Used extensively by British Commonwealth forces in Northern Africa and Northwest Europe, the Sten became one of the iconic British infantry weapons of the conflict. Both loved and hated by troops in the field, it earned the nicknames Stench Gun and Plumbers Nightmare. American officer and French partisan with a Sten crouch behind an auto during a street fight in a French city, 1944. National Archives and Records Administration The Stens basic construction and ease of repair made it ideal for use with Resistance forces in Europe. Thousands of Stens were dropped to Resistance units across occupied Europe. In some nations, such as Norway, Denmark, and Poland, domestic production of Stens began in clandestine workshops. In the final days of World War II, Germany adapted a modified version of the Sten, the MP 3008, for use with its Volkssturm militias. Following the war, the Sten was retained by the British Army until the 1960s when it was fully replaced by the Sterling SMG. Other Users Produced in large numbers, the Sten saw use around the world after World War II. The type was fielded by both sides of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Due to its simple construction, it was one of the few weapons that could be produced domestically by Israel at that time. The Sten was also fielded by both the Nationalists and Communists during the Chinese Civil War. One of the last large-scale combat uses of the Sten occurred during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. On a more notorious note, a Sten was used in the assassination of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984.